Agricultural through Bio-Tech
a variety of instruments, such as conventional breeding methods, that modify or create goods from living things, enhance plants or animals, or create microbes with particular agricultural use. Genetic engineering is one of the methods used in modern biotechnology.
Biopharming:
the process of manufacturing medications using plants or domestic animals, such as edible immunizations and antibodies.
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Bt crops:
crops that have undergone genetic engineering to incorporate a gene from the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) soil bacteria. The bacterium generates proteins that are non-toxic to humans and other mammals yet poisonous to some pests. This poison can only be produced by crops with the Bt gene, which protects the plant. Two examples of commercially available Bt crops are Bt corn and Bt cotton.
Chromosome:
The self-replicating genetic framework of cells, which is made up of genes and controls how traits are inherited. Each chromosome is made up chemically of a lengthy DNA molecule and proteins.
DNA:
the chemical building block that genes are comprised of. DNA is a lengthy, helical molecule that is double-stranded and formed of nucleotides, which are made up of phosphates, sugars, and compounds derived from the four bases: thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and adenine (A). The genetic information contained in a DNA strand is determined by the arrangement of its four bases.
Geonomics:
the process of mapping and sequencing the genetic material found in an organism’s DNA and using the results to get a better understanding of the functions, regulation, and coordination of individual genes as well as their physical placements on chromosomes.
Geonomic Library:
a group of macromolecules created from genome-sized DNA fragments that together constitute an organism’s genetic makeup and can be repeatedly cultivated before being carefully examined for specific traits. The DNA can originate from messenger RNA molecules or from copies of an organism’s genomic DNA. An electronic library comprising genetic data from these biomolecules can be referred to as a “virtual genomic library.”
Genotype:
the individual’s genetic identity. Although genotype is frequently seen through external traits, it can also be reflected in more subtle biochemical ways that are not visible.
crops that have been modified by genetic engineering or conventional breeding techniques to withstand the application of one or more specific herbicides by including one or more specific genes. The genes enable the use of herbicides to the crop, effectively controlling weeds without causing harm to the crop itself.
An insect population’s ability to produce or select heritable traits (genes) that enable individuals expressing the trait to live in the presence of insecticides (chemical or biological control agents) at levels that would otherwise weaken or kill the insect species. The insecticide is less effective in controlling pest populations when such resistant insects are present.
a tactic to prevent part of the pest population from coming into contact with the insecticide, therefore postponing the emergence of pesticide resistance. This permits insects that consume Bt poison to mate with insects that are not exposed to the toxin that the plants produce. This is relevant to Bt crops.
plants that possess the capacity to tolerate, ward off, or repel insects in order to keep them from eating on the plant. Plant breeders can use cross-pollination with other types of the crop to select the features (genes) determining resistance, or they can use genetic engineering to introduce new genes, such Bt genes.
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Organic Agriculture:
a theory and method of growing food that prohibits the use of transgenic organisms and emphasizes production without the use of artificial inputs. A set of national standards for certified organic agriculture have been established by the USDA’s National Organic Program and are accessible online.
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